现在完成时态思维导图怎么画才高效？-益智教育网

中心主题：现在完成时

1 定义:
- 连接过去与现在: 表示一个动作发生在过去,但与现在有联系或对现在有影响。
- 强调结果/状态: 侧重于动作的结果或状态的持续,而不是动作本身发生的时间。
2 构成公式:
- 主语 + have/has + 动词的过去分词
- have 用于第一人称、第二人称和第三人称复数 (I/You/We/They)。
- has 用于第三人称单数 (He/She/It)。
3 过去分词的构成:
- 规则动词: 动词原形 + ed
  - work → worked
  - clean → cleaned
- 不规则动词: 需要单独记忆 (见附录)。
  - go → gone
  - see → seen
  - eat → eaten

1 表示过去发生且对现在有影响的动作
- just, already, yet, ever, never
- 特点: 强调结果。
- 例句:
  - I have just finished my homework. (我刚写完作业，现在作业是“完成”的状态。)
  - He has already left. (他已经离开了，所以现在不在这里。)
  - Have you ever eaten sushi? (你曾经吃过寿司吗？询问的是你现在的经历。)
  - She has never been to Beijing. (她从未去过北京，现在仍然没去过。)
2 表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态
- for (+时间段), since (+时间点)
- 特点: 强调持续性,动作或状态仍在继续。
- 例句:
  - I have lived here for ten years. (我在这里住了十年了，现在还住在这里。)
  - He has worked in this company since 2025. (他从2025年起就在这家公司工作，现在仍在工作。)
  - We have known each other since childhood. (我们从童年时就认识了，现在仍是朋友。)
3 表示“经历”或“经验”
- 特点: 询问或陈述一个人一生的经历,不关心具体时间。
- 例句:
  - Have you ever seen a tiger? (你见过老虎吗？)
  - I have traveled to many countries. (我去过很多国家。)
4 表示刚刚完成的动作
- just
- 例句:
  - The train has just arrived. (火车刚刚到站。)

1 明确的时间状语:
- for + 时间段 (e.g., for two hours, for a long time)
- since + 时间点 (e.g., since 9 o'clock, since Monday, since I was a child)
2 模糊的时间状语:
- already (已经) - 通常用于肯定句，yet 用于疑问句和否定句。
- just (刚刚) - 通常放在 have/has 之后。
- ever (曾经) - 通常用于疑问句。
- never (从不) - 用于否定句。
- so far (到目前为止)
- up to now / up to the present (直到现在)
- in the past/last few days/weeks... (在过去/最近几天/几周里...)
3 重要提示:
- 不能与过去的时间状语连用！ 如 yesterday, last week, in 1999, three minutes ago 等。
- 错误示例: I have seen him yesterday. (❌)
- 正确说法: I saw him yesterday. (✅)

特征	现在完成时	一般过去时
关注点	过去对现在的影响或结果	过去某个特定时间发生的动作
时间概念	不强调具体过去时间，与现在有关	强调具体的、已过去的动作或时间点
时间状语	`for`, `since`, `already`, `just`, `yet`, `ever`, `never`	`yesterday`, `last week`, `...ago`, `in 1999`
例句对比	`I have lost my keys.` (我现在找不到钥匙了，很着急。)	`I lost my keys at the cinema yesterday.` (我昨天在电影院丢的钥匙。)
	`He has broken his arm.` (他的胳膊现在是断的。)	`He broke his arm while playing football.` (他是在踢足球时弄断的。)

1 肯定句:
- Subject + have/has + P.P. + ...
- e.g., They have bought a new car.
2 否定句:
- Subject + have/has + not + haven't/hasn't + P.P. + ...
- e.g., She hasn't finished her work yet.
3 一般疑问句:
- Have/Has + Subject + P.P. + ...?
- e.g., Have you ever been to London?
4 特殊疑问句:
- Wh- word + have/has + Subject + P.P. + ...?
- e.g., What have you done this morning?