英语过去式 思维导图
中心主题：英语过去式
第一分支：核心概念
- 定义: 主要用于描述在过去某个时间点已经发生或完成的动作或状态。
- 时间标志词:
- 明确的过去时间:
yesterday(昨天),last week/month/year(上周/上个月/去年),two days ago(两天前),in 1998(在1998年)。 - 模糊的过去时间:
just now(刚才),a moment ago(片刻之前),the other day(前几天),in the past(在过去)。 - 已故的人:
my grandfather(我祖父，特指已故的)。
- 明确的过去时间:
第二分支：构成 - 规则变化
这是构成过去式最基本、最常见的方式,适用于大部分动词。
- 规则: 动词词尾 + -ed
- 发音规则:
- /t/: 以清辅音结尾 (p, k, f, s, sh, ch 等)。
- 例子:
stop→stop**ped**/stɒpt/,work→work**ed**/wɜːkt/
- 例子:
- /d/: 以浊辅音或元音结尾 (b, g, v, z, m, n, l, ng 等)。
- 例子:
love→love**d**/lʌvd/,play→play**ed**/pleɪd/
- 例子:
- /ɪd/: 以 -t 或 -d
- 例子:
want→want**ed**/ˈwɒn.tɪd/,need→need**ed**/niːd.ɪd/
- 例子:
- /t/: 以清辅音结尾 (p, k, f, s, sh, ch 等)。
- 拼写规则:
- 直接加 -ed:
ask→asked,look→looked - e 只加 -d:
like→liked,live→lived - 辅音 + y y 变 i 再加 -ed:
study→studied,cry→cried - 重读闭音节结尾，双写辅音字母再加 -ed:
stop→stopped,plan→planned
- 直接加 -ed:
第三分支：构成 - 不规则变化
这些动词的过去式形式没有固定规律,需要单独记忆。
- AAA 型 (原形 → 过去式 → 过去分词相同):
- put → put → put
- cut → cut → cut
- let → let → let
- hit → hit → hit
- read → read /red/ → read /red/
- ABA 型 (过去式与原形相同):
- come → came → come
- become → became → become
- run → ran → run
- ABB 型 (过去式与过去分词相同):
- bring → brought → brought
- buy → bought → bought
- think → thought → thought
- sleep → slept → slept
- feel → felt → felt
- keep → kept → kept
- have/has → had → had
- ABC 型 (三个形式都不同):
- go → went → gone
- see → saw → seen
- do → did → done
- eat → ate → eaten
- take → took → taken
- write → wrote → written
- speak → spoke → spoken
- break → broke → broken
第四分支：主要用法
- 描述过去发生的动作或状态
- I went to the park yesterday. (我昨天去了公园。)
- She was very happy. (她当时很高兴。)
- 讲述一个过去发生的故事或经历
- Last summer, I visited my grandparents. (去年夏天，我去看望了我的祖父母。)
- First, we walked to the beach. Then we swam in the sea. (我们走到了海滩，然后我们在海里游泳。)
- 列出一系列连续的过去动作
- He opened the door, walked into the room, and sat down. (他打开门，走进房间，然后坐了下来。)
- 在 "Used to" 结构中
- I used to live in the countryside, but now I live in the city. (我过去住在乡下，但现在我住在城里。)
- 在 "It's time / It's high time" 从句中
- It's time we went home. (是我们该回家了。)
- It's high time you started taking this seriously. (你该认真对待这件事了。)
第五分支：重要语法结构
- 肯定句
- 结构: 主语 + 动词过去式 + 其他成分。
- He finished his homework.
- 否定句
- 结构: 主语 + did not (didn't) + 动词原形 + 其他成分。
- He didn't finish his homework.
- 一般疑问句
- 结构: Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他成分?
- Did he finish his homework?
- 特殊疑问句
- 结构: 疑问词 + did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他成分?
- What did he do yesterday?
第六分支：常见误区与辨析
- 过去式 vs. 现在完成时
- 过去式: 强调动作在过去发生并结束，与现在无关。
- I saw that movie. (我看过那部电影了，强调的是“看”这个动作发生在过去。)
- 现在完成时: 强调动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或动作从过去持续到现在。
- I have seen that movie. It's great! (我看过那部电影了，我知道它很好，强调“看过”这个经历对我现在有影响。)
- 过去式: 强调动作在过去发生并结束，与现在无关。
- be 动词的过去式
- am/is → was
- are → were
- 用法: 过去式中的 be 动词没有人称和数的变化。
- I was a student. (我过去是学生。)
- He/She/It was happy. (他/她/它当时很高兴。)
- You/We/They were late. (你们/我们/他们迟到了。)
- have 的过去式
- have/has → had
- 用法:
had既是have的过去式，也是现在完成时的助动词。- I had a cat. (我过去有一只猫。 -
had是实义动词) - I had finished my work when he called. (他打电话的时候我已经完成了工作。 -
had是助动词,构成过去完成时)
- I had a cat. (我过去有一只猫。 -
