主谓一致 思维导图

中心主题：主谓一致

核心原则： 句子的谓语动词必须在“人称”和“数”上与它的主语保持一致。

第一分支：基本规则

• 1 单数主语 + 单数动词

  • 规则： 主语是单数，动词用原形或第三人称单数形式 (-s 或 -es)。
  • 示例：
    • He works hard.
    • The dog barks loudly.
    • This book is interesting.
    • One of my friends lives nearby.

• 2 复数主语 + 复数动词

  • 规则： 主语是复数,动词用原形。
  • 示例：
    • They work hard.
    • The dogs bark loudly.
    • These books are interesting.
    • My friends live nearby.

• 3 “和”连接

  • 规则： 由 and 连接的多个主语，通常视为复数,用复数动词。
  • 示例：
    • Tom and Jerry are good friends. (两个人)
    • Bread and butter is my breakfast. (看作一个整体概念)
    • Iron and steel are essential materials. (两种不同材料)

第二分支：特殊情况 - 特殊主语

• 1 集体名词

  • 规则： 根据其表达的是“整体”还是“成员个体”来决定动词的单复数。
  • 示例：
    • 作整体 (单数): The family is a big one. (强调家庭这个单位)
    • 作成员 (复数): The family are watching TV. (强调家庭成员们)
    • 常见集体名词： team, committee, government, class, audience, jury, public, staff.

• 2 每一个/任何一个/每一个

  • 规则： 由 each, every, either, neither, one 等词修饰的主语，或由 each...and each..., every...and every... 连接的主语,通常视为单数。
  • 示例：
    • Each student has a book.
    • Every boy and every girl is invited.
    • Either of the plans is acceptable.
    • Neither of the answers is correct.

• 3 “或/要么...要么...”连接

  • 规则： 由 or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also... 连接两个主语时，动词与最靠近它的主语保持一致。
  • 示例：
    • He or I am wrong. (I am wrong)
    • Neither the teacher nor the students are ready. (students are ready)
    • Not only the students but also the teacher is excited. (the teacher is excited)

• 4 就近一致

  • 规则： 除了上述情况，还有 there be 句型和 here/there + be 句型也采用就近一致原则。
  • 示例：
    • There is a pen and two books on the desk. (a pen is...)
    • Here comes the teacher and his students. (the teacher comes...)

第三分支：特殊情况 - 不可数名词与抽象概念

• 1 不可数名词

  • 规则： 通常用单数动词。
  • 示例：
    • Water is essential for life.
    • Information is power.
    • The furniture in this room looks old.

• 2 数量词 + of 结构

  • 规则： 由 a number of, a lot of, plenty of, some of, most of, half of, a majority of 等短语修饰时，动词由 of 后面的名词决定。
  • 示例：
    • A number of students are absent. (students are...)
    • The number of students is small. (The number is...)
    • Most of the work is done.
    • Most of the people are happy.

第四分支：特殊情况 - 特殊结构

• 1 “名词 + 介词短语”

  • 规则： 谓语动词与前面的核心名词保持一致,而不是与介词短语中的名词。
  • 示例：
    • The list of items is long. (list is...)
    • The quality of these products is high. (quality is...)
    • A pair of shoes is under the bed. (pair is...)

• 2 定语从句

  • 规则： 关系代词 who, which, that 作主语时，其动词取决于它所指代的先行词。
  • 示例：
    • I have a friend who lives in Shanghai. (friend lives...)
    • These are the books that were published last year. (books were...)

• 3 “the + 形容词”

  • 规则： the + 形容词 表示一类人时，视为复数；表示抽象概念时,视为单数。
  • 示例：
    • 指人 (复数): The rich are not always happy. (指富人这一类人)
    • 指概念 (单数): The unknown is always frightening. (指未知这件事)

• 4 并列主语同指一人/物

  • 规则： 由 and 连接的两个名词，如果指的是同一个人或物,动词用单数。
  • 示例：
    • The poet and writer is coming to our school. (指同一个人,既是诗人也是作家)
    • A cup and saucer is on the table. (指一套杯碟)

• 5 时间、金钱、距离等

  • 规则： 当这些名词作为一个整体概念、一个单位时,谓语动词用单数。
  • 示例：
    • Five years is a long time.
    • Ten dollars is too much for this shirt.
    • Two miles is not a long walk.

第五分支：特殊情况 - 动词的特殊形式

• 1 不定式/动名词/名词性从句作主语

  • 规则： 谓语动词通常用单数。
  • 示例：
    • To learn English is useful. (不定式)
    • Swimming is my favorite sport. (动名词)
    • What he said is not true. (名词性从句)

• 2 “分数/百分数 + of”

  • 规则： 动词由 of 后面的名词决定。
  • 示例：
    • Two-thirds of the surface of the earth is covered with water. (surface is...)
    • 40% of the students are from the countryside. (students are...)

第六分支：实用技巧与记忆口诀

• 1 找准主语

  • 技巧： 忽略插入语、介词短语、同位语等,快速找到句子的真正主语。
  • 示例： The book, along with its characters, captures my imagination. (主语是 The book)

• 2 判断单复数

  • 技巧：
    1. 看名词本身： 是否是可数名词的单/复数形式？还是不可数名词？
    2. 看修饰词： 是 a/an 还是 some/many？是 each/every 还是 both/many？
    3. 看逻辑： 集体名词表达整体还是个体？

• 3 常见记忆口诀

  • “单复就近原则”口诀： “或、要、非、但、or，就近原则来掌握。” (指 or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...)
  • “就远原则”口诀： “with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, besides, plus”,这些词后面跟的名词不影响主语的单复数。
  • 示例： The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees. (主语是 The teacher)

掌握主谓一致，关键在于“找准主语，判断单复数”，先识别出句子的核心主语，然后根据主语的类型（单/复数/集体/不可数等）和句子的特殊结构，选择正确的动词形式，多练习，多总结,就能熟练运用。