非谓语动词 思维导图
中心主题：非谓语动词
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- 核心定义： 在句子中不能单独作谓语，但具有动词、形容词或副词特征的动词形式,它不受主语人称和数的限制。
三大核心类型
| 类型 | 动词形式 | 相当于 | 否定形式 | 功能（在句中充当成分） |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 不定式 | to do |
名词、形容词、副词 | not to do |
主、宾、表、定、状 |
| 动名词 | doing |
名词 | not doing |
主、宾、表、定 |
| 分词 | doing (现在分词)done (过去分词) |
形容词、副词 | not doing / not done |
定、状、补、表 |
不定式
- 形式:
to do(主动/一般),to be doing(进行),to have done(完成),to have been done(被动完成) - 否定:
not to do - 功能详解:
- 作主语:
To learn English well is important.(常用It作形式主语:It is important to learn English well.)
- 作宾语:
He wants **to buy** a car.(跟在want, hope, decide, plan等动词后)I find it difficult **to solve** the problem.(作it的真正宾语)
- 作表语:
My dream is **to travel** around the world.
- 作定语:
I have a lot of work **to do**.(与被修饰词有动宾关系)He is the first person **to arrive**.(与被修饰词有主谓关系)
- 作状语:
- 目的:
He came here **to see** me. - 结果:
He grew up **to be** a great scientist. - 原因:
I'm happy **to meet** you.
- 目的:
- 作主语:
- 常用结构:
only to do(意想不到的结果):He searched the room, only **to find** nothing.so as to do / in order to do(目的):He got up early **so as to catch** the first bus.too...to do(太...而不能):The box is **too heavy to carry**.enough to do(足够...可以):He is old **enough to go** to school.疑问词 + to do:I don't know **what to do** next.
动名词
- 形式:
doing(主动/一般),being done(被动),having done(完成),having been done(被动完成) - 否定:
not doing - 功能详解:
- 作主语:
**Swimming** is my favorite sport.It's no use **crying** over spilt milk.
- 作宾语:
I enjoy **listening** to music.(跟在enjoy, finish, avoid, mind, practice等动词或介词后)Thank you for **helping** me.
- 作表语:
My hobby is **collecting** stamps.
- 作定语:
This is a **swimming** pool.(说明用途，相当于a pool for swimming)
- 作主语:
- 常用结构:
have difficulty (in) doing:I have some difficulty (in) **understanding** the text.spend time/money (in) doing:He spent a lot of time (in) **preparing** for the exam.be busy (in) doing:She is busy **doing** her homework.be worth doing:The book is well worth **reading**.
分词
| 类型 | 形式 | 语态 | 功能详解 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在分词 | doinghaving done |
主动 | 定语: 表主动、进行，相当于一个定语从句。 状语: 表时间、原因、结果、伴随、条件。 补语: 宾补或主补，表主动或进行。 表语: 描述主语的性质或特征。 |
a **sleeping** baby (a baby who is sleeping)**Seeing** the teacher, the students stopped talking. (When they saw...)I saw him **crossing** the street. (宾补)The story is **exciting**. (表语) |
| 过去分词 | donehaving been done |
被动 | 定语: 表被动、完成，相当于一个定语从句。 状语: 表时间、原因、条件、伴随。 补语: 宾补或主补，表被动或完成。 表语: 描述主语的状态或感受。 |
a **broken** window (a window that is broken)Given more time, I could do it better. (If I were given...) I want my car **repaired**. (宾补)I am **interested** in music. (表语) |
独立主格结构
- 定义: 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致，如果不一致，则需有自己的逻辑主语，构成“名词/代词 + 非谓语动词”的独立主格结构。
- 功能: 在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
- 形式:
名词/代词 + 现在分词(主动/进行)名词/代词 + 过去分词(被动/完成)名词/代词 + 不定式(将要做某事)名词/代词 + 介词短语/名词/代词 + 形容词
- 例句:
Weather **permitting**, we will go on a picnic.(条件)The meeting **being over**, everyone left the room.(时间)He sat in the corner, **his head buried** in his arms.(伴随)
固定搭配与难点辨析
-
后接
to dovs.doing的动词:to do:want, hope, decide, plan, agree, expect, manage, pretend等。doing:enjoy, finish, avoid, mind, practice, suggest, consider, keep等。- 两者皆可，意义不同:
stop to do(停下正在做的事,去做另一件事)stop doing(停止正在做的事)remember to do(记得要去做某事,未做)remember doing(记得做过某事,已做)forget to do(忘记要去做某事,未做)forget doing(忘记做过某事,已做)try to do(努力尝试去做)try doing(试着做某事,看效果如何)
-
感官动词 + 宾语 + 宾补:
see, hear, watch, feel, notice等动词后，宾补用do(表示动作全过程) 或doing(表示动作正在进行)。I saw him **cross** the street.(我看见他过马路的整个过程。)I saw him **crossing** the street.(我看见他正在过马路。)
-
使役动词 + 宾语 + 宾补:
make, let, have后用do。get后用to do。The teacher made us **clean** the classroom.He got me **to help** him with his work.
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