初一英语（上册）核心知识思维导图

中心主题：七年级英语上册

第一部分：基础知识

• 字母

  • 26个英文字母
    • 认读与书写（大小写）
    • 顺序（Aa, Bb, Cc... Zz）
  • 字母分类
    • 元音字母: Aa, Ee, Ii, Oo, Uu (5个)
    • 辅音字母: 剩下的21个
  • 字母发音
    • 元音发音: /eɪ/ (A), /i:/ (E), /aɪ/ (I), /əʊ/ (O), /ju:/ (U)
    • 常见辅音发音: /b/, /p/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /h/, /r/, /w/, /j/

• 音标

  • 国际音标: 48个音素
  • 元音音素 (20个)
    • 单元音: 12个 (e.g., /iː/, /e/, /æ/, /ɒ/, /ʌ/, /ɔː/, /uː/, /ʊ/, /ɑː/, /ɪ/, /ə/)
    • 双元音: 8个 (e.g., /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/, /ɪə/, /eə/, /ʊə/)
  • 辅音音素 (28个)
    • 清辅音: /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /s/, /θ/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /tr/, /ts/
    • 浊辅音: /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /z/, /ð/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/, /dr/, /dz/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/, /h/, /w/, /j/

• 标点符号

  • 句号
  • 逗号
  • 感叹号
  • 问号
  • 撇号 (所有格, 如 Tom's book)
  • 双引号 (引述)

第二部分：词汇

• 人称代词与物主代词

  • 人称代词: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
  • 物主代词
    • 形容词性物主代词: my, your, his, her, its, our, their (后面必须加名词)
    • 名词性物主代词: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs (单独使用,相当于名词)

• 数字

  • 0-12: zero, one, two, ..., twelve
  • 13-19: thirteen, fourteen, ..., nineteen (以-teen结尾)
  • 20-90: twenty, thirty, ..., ninety (以-ty结尾)
  • 21-99: 21 (twenty-one), 35 (thirty-five) (几十几,用连字符)
  • 100: one hundred
  • 应用: 电话号码、年龄、价格、年份等

• 颜色

  red, blue, yellow, green, black, white, purple, orange, pink, brown, gray/grey

• 名词

  • 专有名词: 人名、地名、星期、月份首字母大写 (e.g., Lucy, China, Monday, September)
  • 普通名词
    • 可数名词: 有单复数形式
      • 规则复数: -s, -es, -ies, -ves (e.g., book-books, box-boxes, baby-babies, leaf-leaves)
      • 不规则复数: man-men, woman-women, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth
    • 不可数名词: 没有复数形式 (e.g., water, milk, rice, bread, money, information)

• 动词

  • Be动词: am, is, are (初一核心)
  • 实义动词: have/has, like, play, go, see, watch, read, sing, dance...
  • 情态动词: can (能,会)

• 形容词

  描述事物特征 (e.g., good, bad, long, short, big, small, tall, short, new, old, happy, sad)

• 其他

  • 方位介词: in, on, under, near, behind, next to
  • 疑问词: what, who, where, when, why, how
  • 连词: and, but, or

第三部分：语法

• Be动词 (am, is, are) 的用法

  • 口诀: 我用am，你用are，is用于他/她/它，单数is,复数are。
  • 肯定句: 主语 + am/is/are + ...
    • I am a student.
    • He is my friend.
    • They are in the classroom.
  • 否定句: 主语 + am/is/are + not + ...
    • I am not a teacher.
    • She is not from England.
  • 一般疑问句: Am/Is/Are + 主语 + ...?
    • Are you Tom? -> Yes, I am. / No, I'm not.
    • Is it a cat? -> Yes, it is. / No, it isn't.
  • 特殊疑问句: 疑问词 + am/is/are + 主语 + ...?
    • Where is your book? -> It's on the desk.
    • How old are you? -> I'm twelve.

• 名词单复数

  • 可数名词复数作主语: 谓语动词用 are。
    • They are boys.
    • The books are on the table.
  • 不可数名词: 看作单数，谓语动词用 is。
    • Water is important.
    • The milk is white.

• 人称代词与be动词的搭配

  • I am
  • You/We/They are
  • He/She/It is

• 含有实义动词的句子

  • 当主语是I/You/We/They时，动词用原形。
    • I like apples.
    • They play football.
  • 当主语是He/She/It时，动词用第三人称单数形式 (通常加-s/-es)。
    • He likes music.
    • She plays the piano.
    • It has a long tail.

• 情态动词 Can

  • 表示能力: 能，会
  • 结构: 主语 + can + 动词原形 + ...
  • 肯定句: I can swim.
  • 否定句: I can't (cannot) swim.
  • 疑问句: Can you swim? -> Yes, I can. / No, I can't.
  • 回答: Yes, ... can. / No, ... can't.

第四部分：功能与话题

• Unit 1: Making Friends (认识新朋友)

  • 句型:
    • What's your name? -> My name's...
    • I'm... / I'm from...
    • Nice to meet you.
  • 词汇: name, is, am, from, China, Japan, etc.

• Unit 2: Family Members (家庭成员)

  • 句型:
    • Who's he/she? -> He's/She's...
    • Who're they? -> They're...
    • This is my... / These are my...
  • 词汇: father, mother, parent, brother, sister, grandfather, grandmother, grandparent, family.

• Unit 3: Things in the Classroom (教室物品)

  • 句型:
    • What's this/that? -> It's a/an...
    • What are these/those? -> They're...
    • Where is/are...? -> It's/They're in/on/under...
  • 词汇: pen, pencil, book, ruler, eraser, box, schoolbag, desk, chair, etc.

• Unit 4: Colors & Things (颜色与物品)

  • 句型:
    • What color is it? -> It's...
    • What color are they? -> They're...
  • 词汇: colors, red, blue, yellow, etc.

• Unit 5: Food & Drinks (食物与饮料)

  • 句型:
    • Do you like...? -> Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
    • I like... / I don't like...
    • What do you like for breakfast/lunch/dinner?
  • 词汇: hamburger, salad, ice cream, banana, apple, orange, milk, bread, egg, rice, chicken, etc. (区分可数与不可数)

• Unit 6: Hobbies & Abilities (爱好与能力)

  • 句型:
    • What can you do? -> I can...
    • Can you...? -> Yes, I can. / No, I can't.
    • I like playing basketball.
  • 词汇: sing, dance, swim, draw, play chess, play basketball, read, etc.

第五部分：听说读写技能

• 听力

  • 技巧: 抓关键词、预测内容、注意听数字、人名、地点。
  • 练习: 听对话、听短文、听指令。

• 口语

  • 技巧: 大胆开口、模仿语音语调、积极参与课堂活动、与同学练习对话。
  • 重点: 日常问候、自我介绍、描述物品、谈论喜好和能力。

• 阅读

  • 技巧: 略读（了解大意）、寻读（找特定信息）、根据上下文猜词义。
  • 练习: 阅读课文、小故事、简单的海报和通知。

• 写作

  • 技巧: 模仿范文、注意句子结构（主谓宾）、正确使用标点、书写工整。
  • 练习: 写句子、写短文（如：自我介绍、我的家庭、我的爱好）。

如何使用这份思维导图？

1. 课前预习: 看着导图，了解新课的整体框架,知道要学什么。
2. 课堂笔记: 在对应的分支上补充老师讲的重点、例句和你的疑问。
3. 课后复习: 每天或每周花时间回顾导图,用自己的话复述每个知识点。
4. 考前总览: 考试前，快速过一遍整个导图，查漏补缺,确保所有核心都已掌握。

希望这份详细的思维导图能帮助你更好地学习初一英语！加油！